Explosions cause more than half of all combat injuries, and some 130,000 US troops in Iraq and Afghanistan have sustained traumatic brain injuries ranging from concussion to death according the the US Department of Defense.

The current helmet, which leaves a soldier's face exposed, could be improved by adding a transparent shield made of polycarbonate, which is used in the making of bullet-resistant glass, said the study by researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

"The face is the main pathway through which pressure waves from an explosion are transmitted to the brain," said the study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

MIT researchers used computer modeling and data derived from previous studies on pig brains to show the impacts of a blast on a human skull in three instances: one without a helmet, one with the standard issue combat helmet and one with the helmet and proposed face shield.

The current US military helmet "slightly delayed the arrival of the blast wave, (but) it didn't significantly mitigate the wave's effects on brain tissue," the study said.

Using a face shield, "the models showed a significant reduction in the magnitude of stresses on the brain because the shield impeded direct transmission of blast waves to the face."

The research was led by Raul Radovitzky at MIT in collaboration with David Moore, a neurologist at the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

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