Philippine airstrikes aimed at Islamist militants who are holding hostages as human shields killed 11 soldiers, authorities said Thursday, as they conceded hundreds of gunmen may have escaped a blockade.

The friendly fire deaths bring to 171 the number of people reported killed since militants waving the black flags of the Islamic State (IS) group began rampaging through the Muslim city of Marawi last week.

Shortly after the violence erupted President Rodrigo Duterte imposed martial law across the southern region of Mindanao, home to 20 million people, to quell what he said was an IS bid to establish a base in the mainly Catholic Philippines.

But the government's narrative of being in "full control" of Marawi took a hit Thursday when defence chiefs said 11 soldiers were killed in a misguided bombing mission.

"It's very painful. It's very sad to be hitting our own troops," Defence Secretary Delfin Lorenzana told reporters in Manila.

"It's sad but sometimes it happens in the fog of war."

Lorenzana also warned that many militants may have escaped, despite checkpoints throughout the city and surrounding it.

"We have reports they are going to some of the towns around Marawi city," Lorenzana said.

He said there were about 500 militants at the start of the unrest and only between 50 and 100 were believed to still be in Marawi. According to the military, 120 gunmen have been killed, meaning as many as 330 remain unaccounted for and could have slipped out of the city.

Adding to concerns about the rising threat of IS, Lorenzana said militants from Saudi Arabia, Chechnya, Yemen, Malaysia and Indonesia were among the dead.

- Appeals to end airstrikes -

The military has relentlessly dropped bombs and fired rockets at the militants, who have been hiding in residential areas of Marawi where local authorities believe about 2,000 people are trapped.

The gunmen are also holding hostages, some of whom have been forced to speak on propaganda videos calling for troops to withdraw.

Local authorities have repeatedly warned that the trapped residents and hostages are in grave danger of being killed in the air assaults, and on Thursday repeated calls for them to end.

"We continuously appeal to the chain of command... to refrain from using airstrikes," Zia Alonto Adiong, a local politician and spokesman for the provincial crisis management committee, told reporters in Marawi.

The International Committee of the Red Cross on Wednesday called for a humanitarian ceasefire.

Lorenzana said airstrikes may be curtailed because of the friendly fire incident, but Duterte signalled his intent to destroy all terrorist threats in Marawi and across Mindanao.

"If it's war, my orders are really are to wipe them out, everyone. When I say wipe them out better if you shoot him in the head, shoot him again in the heart," Duterte said in a speech in Manila.

However he did not comment on the friendly fire deaths.

The militants have murdered 19 civilians, the military has said, while insisting none has died in any air assaults or the intense street-to-street battles.

Thirty-two soldiers and police officers have been confirmed killed.

The clashes erupted when security forces raided a house to arrest Isnilon Hapilon, a veteran Filipino militant regarded as IS's leader in the Philippines. He is on the US government's list of most-wanted terrorists.

Authorities said they were taken by surprise when many gunmen emerged to protect Hapilon and then went on a rampage through Marawi, which has a population of 200,000.

The militants mostly belonged to a local group called the Maute and the infamous Abu Sayyaf kidnap-for-ransom gang that Hapilon has helped lead for many years.

A Muslim separatist rebellion in the southern Philippines has killed more than 120,000 people since the 1970s.

The main Muslim rebel groups have signed accords with the government aimed at forging lasting peace, giving up their separatist ambitions in return for autonomy.

The Maute, the Abu Sayyaf and other hardline groups have rejected the peace process.

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Prayers in the crossfire of deadly Philippine urban battle
Marawi, Philippines (AFP) June 1, 2017
Muhamer Macayman cowered for four days as bullets tore through the shanty home he was hiding in, praying neither the rampaging Islamist militants nor the Philippine soldiers hunting them would kill him. Like many others, Macayman became trapped when gunmen flying the black flags of the Islamic State group launched an assault on the southern city of Marawi last week, triggering clashes that h ... read more

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