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Dylan snubs Nobel, Santos to accept Peace Prize in Oslo
By Ga�l BRANCHEREAU, with Pierre-Henry DESHAYES in Oslo
Stockholm (AFP) Dec 8, 2016


Peace processes that won the Nobel prize
Oslo (AFP) Dec 8, 2016 - Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos, who will be presented with the Nobel prize on Saturday, is not the first leader of a war-torn nation to be rewarded for his peace efforts.

Peacemakers in Northern Ireland, Israel and the Palestinian territories, and South Africa have all had their work recognised before.

After years of talks and a referendum rejecting an initial version of a peace deal, Santos and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a historic agreement that took effect on December 1.

The agreement aims to bring peace to a nation torn by a 52-year-war that has left 260,000 people dead, 60,000 missing and forced 6.9 million others to flee their homes.

Here is a list of peace processes whose architects have won the Nobel prize before.

- 1998: Northern Ireland -

Two architects of the Northern Ireland peace process won the Peace Prize for their efforts to end three decades of violence that left more than 3,500 people dead.

They were David Trimble, a Protestant from the pro-British Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), and John Hume of the mainly Catholic Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP).

They won the award after Belfast, Dublin, London and Catholic and Protestant community representatives reached the Good Friday agreement in April 1998.

- 1996: East Timor -

Catholic bishop Carlos Ximenes Filipe Belo and pro-independence leader Jose Ramos Horta won the prize for their efforts to end a bitter conflict that killed tens of thousands of people.

Indonesia, which had annexed East Timor in 1976, condemned the choice.

Then in 1999 it backed militias who rejected the results of a UN-sponsored referendum in which an overwhelming majority voted for independence.

An Australian-led peacekeeping mission ended the violence, but not before some 2,000 more had died.

East Timor was internationally recognised as an independent state in 2002.

- 1994: Israeli-Palestinian war -

Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) chief Yasser Arafat, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and his foreign minister Shimon Peres won the award for their efforts to reach peace.

Their work led to the Oslo Accords which laid the foundation for Palestinian autonomy, and were immortalised by a historic handshake between Arafat and Rabin.

The committee's decision to give the award to Arafat, whose movement was seen by critics as a terrorist organisation, prompted the resignation of one of the Nobel committee's members.

In 1995, Rabin was assassinated by a Jewish extremist.

Despite several attempts to restart it, the Israeli-Palestinian peace process is now at a standstill.

- 1993: The end of apartheid -

Two key figures in the abolition of South Africa's racist apartheid system -- African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela and president F.W. de Klerk -- won the prize for putting the nation on the path towards becoming a multi-racial democracy.

In February 1990, De Klerk authorised the release of Mandela from prison, where he had spent 27 years.

Apartheid was abolished, and the country's first multi-racial elections were held in 1994, which Mandela won.

- 1978: Camp David Accords -

Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin won the prize after signing the Camp David Accords that led to a peace treaty between their two countries.

Sadat had made a historic visit to Jerusalem in 1977, and in 1979 he became the first Arab head of state to sign a peace deal with Israel. He paid for it with his life when he was assassinated in October 1981.

One sings of peace, the other makes peace: Bob Dylan will not travel to Stockholm on Saturday to accept his Nobel prize, but Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos will receive his award in Oslo for a deal signed with FARC rebels.

In Stockholm, where the prizes for literature, medicine, physics, chemistry and economics are traditionally awarded on December 10th, the formal ceremony will be marked by Dylan's no-show, as the first songwriter to win the literary accolade has declined due to "pre-existing" commitments.

Since being awarded the prestigious prize on October 14, the music icon has been a somewhat reluctant recipient, refusing to acknowledge it publicly for several weeks.

Amid the silence, a member of the Swedish Academy, which awards the prize, accused Dylan of being "impolite and arrogant".

The rock legend finally broke his silence in a newspaper interview two weeks later, calling it "amazing" and saying he would "absolutely" attend the December 10th ceremony, "if at all possible."

But two weeks after that, he told the Academy that he had other commitments that prevented him from attending -- though no concert is scheduled on his website.

Several other literature laureates have skipped the Nobel ceremony in the past for various reasons -- Doris Lessing on grounds of ill health, Harold Pinter because he was in hospital and Elfriede Jelinek due to social phobia -- though these cases remain "exceptional", according to the Academy.

Dylan has sent a thank-you speech to be read at the gala banquet at Stockholm's City Hall, attended by around 1,300 guests and the Swedish royal family.

And just before that, American rock star Patti Smith will sing Dylan's "A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall" during the prize ceremony at Stockholm's Concert Hall.

Dylan, 75, is the first singer-songwriter to win the prize, a choice that stunned literary circles which had expected a more conventional laureate.

- No FARC invited -

On the same day in Oslo, the Nobel Peace Prize will be presented to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos, the architect of a peace deal that now appears to be well on track after more than a half-century of conflict.

His government and the Marxist FARC rebels signed a peace accord on November 24 after suffering a serious setback when a first agreement was rejected by the Colombian people in an October 2 referendum.

The shock result appeared to have sent Santos' chances of winning the Nobel up in smoke.

But the Nobel committee surprised punters, reading out Santos' name as the laureate five days later.

"The fact that a majority of the voters said 'no' to the peace accord does not necessarily mean that the peace process is dead," Nobel committee chairwoman Kaci Kullmann Five said at the time.

The renegotiated peace deal, ratified by Congress instead of being put to a popular vote and including proposals from the opposition, still calls for FARC's disarmament and their transformation to a political movement.

And in the first tangible sign that peace is descending on Colombia, the rebels began destroying their weapons earlier this month.

Santos has invited some 40 people to accompany him to Oslo, most of them family members but also some of the peace negotiators, as well as a dozen representatives of the victims of the conflict, which has claimed 260,000 lives, left more than 60,000 missing and 6.9 million people displaced.

"No FARC representatives are among the guests," the head of the Nobel Institute, Olav Njolstad, told AFP.

Nor is anyone from the camp of Santos' rival, ex-president Alvaro Uribe, who opposes rebels entering Colombian politics and helped bring down the first peace deal.

After holding a press conference at the Nobel Institute on Friday, Santos will receive his prize on Saturday at a ceremony in Oslo's City Hall attended by Norway's King Harald, members of the government and celebrities.

The Nobel prizes are traditionally awarded every December 10th, the anniversary of the death of prize creator Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, philanthropist and industrialist.

Timeline of Colombia conflict
Bogota (AFP) Dec 8, 2016 - Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos receives the Nobel Peace Prize on Saturday for his work to end 50 years of conflict with the leftist FARC rebels.

Here are the key dates in Latin America's longest armed conflict, which killed 260,000 people, according to the Colombian authorities.

- 1964: FARC formed -

The government launches an offensive against communist groups in the center and west of the country.

On May 27, rebel commander Manuel Marulanda Velez flees the assault with 47 men and forms the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).

- 1984: First peace bid -

On March 28, conservative president Belisario Betancur launches peace talks with the FARC under a bilateral truce.

Talks break down in 1987 after right-wing paramilitaries assassinate a presidential candidate from a party allied to the FARC. Further peace efforts collapse in 1991 and 2002.

- 1996: Hostages taken -

On August 30, the FARC takes 60 Colombian soldiers hostage at a military base in the south.

The raid marks the start of its strategy of mass hostage-takings, which dominates the conflict over the following years.

- 2000: 'Plan Colombia' -

In June, the United States and Colombian president Andres Pastrana launch "Plan Colombia," a joint anti-narcotics strategy.

It is later broadened to include anti-guerrilla operations. Washington has since spent more than $10 billion on arming and training Colombian forces.

- 2002: Betancourt captured -

In February, the FARC kidnaps the Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt, a candidate for Colombian president.

Held captive in the jungle for more than six years, she becomes an international symbol of the conflict. The military rescues her in 2008.

- 2011: FARC leader killed -

The FARC's top commander, Alfonso Cano, is killed in a raid by the Colombian army on November 4.

Two other top leaders, Raul Reyes and Jorge Briceno, were killed in 2008 and 2010.

- 2012: New peace talks -

Cano is replaced by current leader Timoleon Jimenez, who makes contact with the government to consider peace talks.

On October 4, President Juan Manuel Santos's government launches new peace talks with the FARC, weakened by the loss of its top leaders.

- 2016: Peace deal -

On June 23, the FARC and the government sign a definitive ceasefire and disarmament agreement, a precursor to a comprehensive peace deal.

On September 26, they sign the full peace accord, which stipulates that the agreement must be ratified by voters in a referendum.

- Referendum shock -

On October 2, Colombian citizens narrowly reject the accord by a margin of about 56,000 votes in a shock referendum result.

The government and the FARC draw up a new deal and begin in November to push it through Congress. Defying opponents, they aim to complete the FARC disarmament process within months.

- Peace Prize -

Despite the referendum shock, Santos wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end the conflict.

He is due to receive the award in Oslo on December 10. He has dedicated it to the conflict's millions of victims.


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