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THE STANS
Erdogan vows to clear Syria of Kurd militia, IS
By Ezzedine Said with Raziye Akkoc in Ankara
Istanbul (AFP) Dec 21, 2018

Kurds: one stateless people across four countries
Paris (AFP) Dec 21, 2018 - The Kurds, a non-Arab ethnic group, number between 25 and 35 million people who are spread across four countries but without a state of their own.

- Mountain people -

The Kurds inhabit mainly mountainous regions that cover almost half a million square kilometres (200,000 square miles), spanning from southeast Turkey through northern Syria and Iraq to central Iran.

They represent about 20 percent of the overall population in Turkey, around 10 percent in Iran, 15-20 percent in Iraq and 15 percent in Syria.

The Kurds have preserved their culture, dialects and clan-based social structures. Large expatriate communities exist in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Germany and Lebanon.

Although predominantly Sunni Muslims, some are Christians and their political structures are often non-denominational.

- Tense ties with host states -

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I opened the way to the creation of a Kurdish state, which was provided for in the 1920 Treaty of Sevres.

However, after the victory of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) in Turkey, the WWI Allies went back on their decision.

Persisting Kurdish ambitions for a unified nation are seen as a threat to the main host countries.

In Turkey the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has been labelled a terrorist organisation by the European Union and United States. More than 30 years of fighting with Turkish forces has killed more than 40,000 people.

Turkey, which carried out two offensives in Syria in 2016 and 2018 to push back Islamic State group and Kurdish fighters from its border, has threatened the Kurds with a new offensive.

In Syria the Kurds have for decades been marginalised and oppressed by the regime. They took a neutral stance vis-a-vis the regime and rebels at the beginning of the country's conflict in 2011, going on to take advantage of the chaos to set up an autonomous region in the north.

In Iraq, Kurds persecuted under dictator Saddam Hussein rose up in 1991 after Iraq's defeat in Kuwait during the Gulf War. They established a de facto autonomy in the north, which was formalised by Iraq's 2005 constitution.

In September 2017 Iraq's Kurds overwhelmingly voted for independence in a non-binding referendum, acting against the advice of Baghdad and the international community. In retaliation the regime snatched back disputed territory.

In Iran, several attacks have been blamed on Kurdish rebels, whose support bases are in Iraq. A Kurdish uprising was harshly repressed following the Islamic Revolution in 1979.

- Anti-IS spearhead -

Kurdish peshmerga fighters are considered to be experienced warriors and Western countries have provided them with air cover, sophisticated weapons and training to combat IS.

In Syria, the US-backed Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) are one of the most effective forces against the jihadists.

In October 2017 the YPG-dominated Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) drove IS from its de facto capital Raqa. They continue to fight the jihadists in their last pockets of resistance in the east.

In Iraq, Kurdish peshmerga fighters also helped push back IS.

- Internal divisions -

The Kurds have never lived under a single, centralised power and are split among a myriad of parties and factions.

While some of these groups straddle borders, others are in conflict with each other because of alliances with the governments where they live.

Iraq's two main Kurdish parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (PDK) and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), were locked in a 1994-1998 conflict that left 3,000 people dead. They reconciled in 2003.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Friday vowed to drive out a US-backed Kurdish militia and jihadists from Syria as Kurdish forces there warned that any attack by Ankara could seriously undermine the fight against the Islamic State.

Erdogan's promise followed the shock decision by US President Donald Trump to pull out 2,000 American ground forces from Syria on the grounds that IS had been "beaten".

Washington's decision not only has ramifications for the Kurds, who are being trained by US forces, but also for Turkey's actions in Syria.

Erdogan suggested Turkey could launch an operation against the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) militia, which Ankara says is a "terrorist offshoot" of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) which has been waging an insurgency against the Turkish state since 1984.

The PKK is blacklisted as a terror group by Turkey and its Western allies.

"In the coming months we will see an operation aimed at removing the YPG and Daesh (Islamic State) elements on the ground in Syria," he said in Istanbul.

Erdogan welcomed Trump's withdrawal decision but said he remained "cautious" because of "past negative experiences", referring to Ankara's continued disappointment over the US administration's failure to stop providing military support to the YPG.

LLater Friday, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said in an interview with state television that the delay was to avoid "friendly fire".

But, he added, "this does not mean we will turn back from any future operations. No one should be lulled into a false sense of security. We are determined on this issue."

But two leaders of the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Council, the political arm of the US-backed and Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), warned the battle against the IS could be brought to a halt if there was a Turkish attack.

Trump's move has also sparked turmoil in his own administration. US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis resigned on Thursday, reflecting his disagreement with the White House's new strategy in Syria.

- Flurry of diplomacy -

American support to the YPG militia, which spearheaded Washington's battles in Syria to eliminate jihadists, has long been a source of tension between the NATO allies.

The latest flurry of diplomacy began when Erdogan said on December 12 that Turkey would start an offensive in the east of the Euphrates River in "the next few days".

Then on December 14, he spoke to Trump on the phone.

Turkish daily Hurriyet reported on Friday that Trump decided to pull out during that call and ordered his national security adviser John Bolton to "start the work" to prepare withdrawal.

Erdogan on Friday said the US decision meant Turkey would "wait a little longer" before any operation involving Syrian rebels.

Earlier on Friday during a press conference in Malta, the Turkish foreign minister said Turkey needed to "coordinate this withdrawal with the United States".

Cavusoglu later told state broadcaster TRT that Turkish and American officials would hold talks on the issue in Washington on January 8.

Ankara and Washington are working together with joint patrols in the northern Syrian city of Manbij, which was captured from IS by the SDF.

- Shot in the arm for jihadists -

The co-chairs of the Syrian Democratic Council were in Paris on Friday for talks about the planned US military pullout.

Ilham Ahmad, one of the co-chairs, said they would be "forced to withdraw from the frontlines in Deir Ezzor to take up positions on the border with Turkey to counter any attack" by Ankara.

Ahmad said the forces feared they could "lose control" over detained foreign jihadists if IS used the US pullout to regroup, or if Turkey pushed ahead with an attack.

Riad Darar, the council's other co-chair, said the forces would not release hundreds of foreign IS fighters held in Syrian Kurdish prisons.

Turkey conducted an operation against IS in 2016 which also aimed to block the YPG from joining up the territory it held in northern Syria and staged an offensive against the militia in its northwestern enclave of Afrin in January this year.

burs-raz/ach/pvh


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