Here are the key facts about how the practice has developed and what could lie ahead for the sector.
- Years of growth -
Fact-checking emerged in the United States in the early 2000s to become a genre of journalism all its own.
The practice rode the rising wave of internet usage and was the lifeblood of new media operations pitting politicians' statements against reality.
PolitiFact, a landmark of the sector, was launched in 2007 and won a Pulitzer prize in 2009.
Methods like live corrections to figures provided on TV or online articles marked up as true or false spread around the world, providing the foundation for the next stage.
Social media giants were already labouring under allegations that their platforms were being used to spread disinformation and conspiracy theories when scrutiny increased following 2016's shock Brexit vote and the election of Donald Trump to the US presidency.
Meta and other web firms stoked the spread of fact-checking beyond politics, enlisting media organisations that saw the activity as a welcome new revenue opportunity in a sector struggling to stay afloat.
- Vital revenue stream -
Ten organisations are affected by Meta's announcement that it will end fact-checking in the US.
Some, such as Check Your Fact, are totally dependent on income from the tech firm, US outlet Business Insider reported.
Others including PolitiFact are less exposed, with the outlet receiving a little over five percent of its revenue from the Meta partnership, according to the New York Times.
AFP currently works in 26 languages with Facebook's fact checking programme, in which Facebook pays to use fact checks from around 80 organisations globally on its platform, WhatsApp and on Instagram.
The news agency's management has said it is "evaluating the situation".
African media appear particularly exposed should Meta's worldwide fact-checking programme be stopped.
"There are business models that are more or less dependent on Facebook" such as the Johannesburg-based Africa Check, said Laurent Bigot, a journalism professor who also vets applications to join the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN).
Several media were founded purely to join Facebook's scheme, including Data Check in Cameroon, Balobaki Check in the Democratic Republic of Congo, or TogoCheck, Bigot pointed out.
He warned that "this verification work will never be done anywhere else, while disinformation kills people every day in these countries".
- Pushback -
Meta boss Mark Zuckerberg said in announcing the pullback that "the fact-checkers have just been too politically biased and have destroyed more trust than they've created, especially in the US".
His company would be "restoring free expression on our platforms," he added.
Elon Musk, who owns X and has Trump's ear, and many Republican politicians have for years accused fact-checkers of "censoring" conservative voices.
Such criticism misunderstands fact-checkers' role in regulating social media content, said Angie Holan, head of the IFCN network that now includes 137 organisations.
Fact-check journalism "has never censored or removed posts" from platforms, Holan said in a statement.
Rather, it has "added information and context to controversial claims" under a "Code of Principles requiring nonpartisanship and transparency", she added.
Digital investigation journalists have often experienced increased pressure and even threats during election campaigns -- as seen last year in India, South Korea or Croatia.
Meta's new policy is "part of a global strategy of marginalizing journalism and its actors in the name of a freedom of expression perverted to serve ideological interests," Reporters Without Borders said in a statement.
- Fact-checking isn't dead -
Philippine Nobel peace laureate Maria Ressa said Meta's decision would "allow lies, anger, fear and hate to infect every single person on the platform".
Zuckerberg had chosen a "world without facts," warned Ressa, founder of the Rappler news site that spent years fighting online disinformation while battling court cases filed under former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte after critical reporting of his deadly drug war.
Bigot was less categorical, saying that Meta had simply "put an end to an abnormal situation".
"The platforms spread vast amounts of disinformation and buy themselves a clear conscience with this type of programme," added Bigot, who teaches at the University of Tours in France.
French left-wing daily Liberation ended its own partnership with Meta in 2021.
Cedric Mathiot, who heads its CheckNews arm, believes such contracts can be both "a financial crutch that helps out" but also "perhaps prevent" further development of fact-checking.
Mathiot said that without Meta "paradoxically, fact-checking could be pushed to be more ambitious" with more in-depth investigations and varied topics.
Brazil gives Meta 72 hours to explain new fact-checking policies
Brasilia (AFP) Jan 10, 2025 -
Brazil on Friday gave social media giant Meta 72 hours to explain its fact-checking policy for the country, and how it plans to protect "fundamental rights" on its platforms.
Attorney General Jorge Messias told journalists his office could take "legal and judicial" measures against Meta if it does not respond in time to an extrajudicial notice filed Friday.
Citing Meta's "lack of transparency," Messias said the company "will have 72 hours to inform the Brazilian government of its actual policy for Brazil."
Meta founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg stunned many with his announcement Tuesday that he was pulling the plug on fact-checking at Facebook and Instagram in the United States, citing concerns about political bias and censorship.
The move has raised concerns in multiple countries, including Brazil, that are vulnerable to misinformation.
The Brazilian presidency said the changes at Meta were a key topic of discussion in a phone call Friday between Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron.
The leaders "agreed that freedom of expression does not mean freedom to spread lies, prejudices and insults."
Also prompting concern were Meta's new, looser restrictions on speech concerning topics such as gender and sexual identity, announced Thursday.
According to the government's extrajudicial notice, the new guidelines allow users to associate sexual identity with "a mental illness or abnormality" and allows "the defense of professional limitations based on gender."
"We will not allow, under any circumstances, these networks to transform the environment into a digital massacre or barbarity," said Messias, highlighting Brazil's strict laws protecting children and vulnerable populations.
- 'Respect Brazilian legislation' -
The extrajudicial notice asks for clarity on how social media algorithms will be designed "in order to unwaveringly promote and protect fundamental rights."
Brazil also wants to know what measures will be adopted to prevent gender-based violence, racism, homophobia, transphobia, suicide, hate speech and other fundamental rights issues.
The country also wants details on how complaints can be filed, and how contradictions and disinformation in the new user-generated "community notes" system will be dealt with.
"The government will not stand idly by, as you can see," said Messias.
The decision to hand the deadline to Meta came after a government meeting overseen by Lula on the implications of the changes for Brazil.
"All companies operating in the country must respect Brazilian legislation and jurisdiction," Lula wrote on X after the meeting.
On Wednesday, Brazil's public prosecutor's office sent a letter to local Meta representatives giving the company 30 days to clarify whether it intends to implement the fact-check changes in the country.
Brazil's Supreme Court has taken a strong stance on regulating social media platforms.
Last year, judge Alexandre de Moraes blocked Elon Musk's X platform for 40 days for failing to comply with a series of court orders against online disinformation.
AFP currently works in 26 languages with Facebook's fact-checking program, including in the United States and the European Union.
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