The exercises came after Moscow moved to revoke a key nuclear test ban treaty, 20 months into Russia's Ukraine offensive.
During the dragging conflict, Putin and Russian officials have given mixed signals about the possible use of nuclear weapons, prompting alarm in the West.
Russian state television showed the longtime leader being briefed by Shoigu and armed forces chief Valery Gerasimov, who spoke by video link.
"Comrade Supreme Commander-in-Chief," Sergei said, addressing Putin.
"Training is being conducted to direct the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, during which the task of delivering a massive nuclear strike by strategic offensive forces in retaliation to an enemy nuclear strike will be practised."
It was not clear from Shoigu's comments if the test had already taken place.
The Kremlin said ballistic missiles had been fired in the Russian Far North.
"Under the leadership of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian armed forces, Vladimir Putin, a training exercise was conducted with the forces and equipment of ground, sea and air components of nuclear deterrent forces," it said in a statement.
It said one of the missiles was fired from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the Russian north and that another missile was fired from a nuclear-powered submarine in the Barents Sea.
Moscow said "long range Tu-95Ms planes" took part in the training.
It added that the drills checked the "level of preparedness of military command and control bodies."
The exercises came hours after Moscow edged closer to revoking its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban treaty.
The landmark agreement outlaws all nuclear explosions, including live tests of nuclear weapons.
- 'Not ready to say' -
Russia's upper house of parliament, the Federation Council, approved the revocation of the treaty earlier on Wednesday.
The 1996 treaty outlaws all nuclear explosions including live tests of nuclear weapons, but it has never come into force because some key countries -- including the United States and China -- have not ratified the treaty.
To be revoked, it still needs to be signed into law by Putin.
The Russian leader said earlier this month he was "not ready to say" whether Russia needed to carry out live nuclear tests.
The drills also came after Russia said Wednesday it would study US proposals to resume dialogue on nuclear arms control, but that it would not accept them unless Washington dropped its "hostile" stance towards Moscow.
The US and Russia used to regularly inspect each other's nuclear facilities and limit warheads under the New START treaty, but Moscow suspended the treaty in February amid tensions over Ukraine.
Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov told Russian news agencies that Moscow had received an informal memo from the US calling for renewed dialogue, but that talks were out of the question for now.
- 'Impossible to return to dialogue' -
"The (US) suggests putting dialogue on strategic stability and arms control on a systematic footing, doing so in isolation from everything that is going on," Ryabkov said.
"We are not ready for this," he added.
"It is simply impossible to return to dialogue on strategic stability, including New START... without changes in the United States' deeply, fundamentally hostile course towards Russia," he said.
Putin has repeatedly invoked Russia's nuclear doctrine since launching the full-scale offensive against Ukraine in February last year.
Last year, Putin said he was "not bluffing" about his readiness to use destructive weapons should Russia face an existential threat.
He has also sent tactical nuclear arms to Russia's ally Belarus, which neighbours the EU and helped Moscow launch its Ukraine offensive last year.
Tactical nuclear arms are battlefield weapons that, while devastating, have a smaller yield compared to long-range strategic weapons.
Putin oversees test firing of ballistic missiles: Kremlin
Moscow (AFP) Oct 25, 2023 -
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday oversaw ballistic missile drills remotely, the Kremlin said, hours after Russia moved to revoke its ratification of a landmark nuclear test ban treaty.
Moscow's defence minister Sergei Shoigu also said Russia's forces would also be practising a "massive" retaliatory nuclear strike.
The drills came 20 months into Moscow's Ukraine offensive -- which has raised some fears of nuclear war -- and hours after Russia moved to revoke a key nuclear arms control treaty.
"Under the leadership of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian armed forces, Vladimir Putin, a training exercise was conducted with the forces and equipment of ground, sea and air components of nuclear deterrent forces," the Kremlin said in a statement.
"During the training, practical launches of ballistic and cruise missiles took place."
It said one of the missiles was fired from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the Russian north and that another missile was fired from a nuclear-powered submarine in the Barents Sea.
Moscow said "long range Tu-95MS planes" took part in the training.
It added that the drills checked "the level of preparedness of military command and control bodies".
Russian news agencies later cited defence minister Shoigu as saying Russia will also involve practising "delivering a massive nuclear strike by strategic offensive forces in response to an enemy strike."
It was not clear from Shoigu's comments if he meant Russia would practise the strike in the same drills.
Russian state television aired footage of Putin being briefed by Shoigu and army chief Valery Gerasimov.
The drills came after Russia's upper house of parliament, the Federation Council, approved to revoke the ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban treaty, moving Moscow closer to abandoning the landmark agreement.
The 1996 treaty outlaws all nuclear explosions including live tests of nuclear weapons, but it has never come into force because some key countries -- including the United States and China.
They also came after Moscow said it would study US proposals to resume dialogue on nuclear arms control, but that it would not accept them unless Washington dropped its "hostile" stance.
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