Some told AFP about the iron-fisted repression under Saddam, others spoke of the traumatic childhoods they endured, marred by bullets, bombs and bloodshed.
They look back at the horrors of the Islamic State group and the dashed hopes of a brief anti-government protest movement. Some note signs of progress, but few voice any real optimism about the future.
- 'Terrified childhood' -
Zulfokar Hassan, 22, was a young child when his mother woke him in the middle of the night so they could hide in the bathroom during a US forces raid in their Baghdad neighbourhood.
"The houses around us were collapsing," he recalled about the battle on September 6, 2007 when US helicopters and tanks targeting Shiite militants killed 14 civilians in the Al-Washash district.
The next day, the seven-year-old boy looked around the rooftop terrace where the family usually slept in the blistering summer months.
"There was shrapnel, our mattresses were burned," recalled Hassan, now a calligraphy student.
Like many from his generation, he tells his story in the detached tone of someone for whom street battles, car bombs and corpses lying on the road were the tragic backdrop of daily life.
"Throughout our childhood we were terrified," he said. "We were afraid to go to the toilet at night, no one could sleep alone in a room."
One of his uncles has been missing since 2006. He left in his car to shop for food and never came back.
In late 2019, Zulfokar joined the sweeping, youth-led demonstrations against endemic misrule and corruption, crumbling infrastructure and unemployment.
"But I stopped," he said, recounting the crackdown that killed hundreds. "I had lost hope. I saw young people like me dying, and we were helpless.
"Martyrs have been sacrificed, without result and without change."
Despite this, he said he has no plans to emigrate, like so many other disillusioned Iraqis have. Otherwise, he asked, "who would be left?"
- 'Fear leads nowhere' -
Hanaa Edouard, 77, a feminist and human rights activist, is a veteran of decades of struggle for democracy in Iraq.
Her opposition to Saddam forced Edouard, a Christian and a former communist activist, into exile in the former East Berlin, Damascus and to the rugged mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan.
Returning to Baghdad soon after the invasion of March 2003 was a "dream" at first, she said.
But Edouard quickly became disillusioned as she watched US armoured convoys rumble through the streets of the occupied country already long battered by painful sanctions.
As the spectre of Iraq's coming years of sectarian bloodshed already loomed, in a country where activists and officials are routinely kidnapped, threatened and even killed, she continued working with her non-government organisation al-Amal that she had founded in the 1990s.
Its stated goal was and remains to "build an independent civil society and a democratic Iraq that believes in human rights," she said.
Among her victories was the adoption of a women's quota in parliament which she proudly remembers as "a historic moment".
Video footage from 2011 attests to her fearlessness. It shows Edouard berating then-prime minister Nuri al-Maliki to demand the release of four detained demonstrators.
A man seated next to Maliki is seen trying to calm her -- he is the current Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani.
"Fear leads nowhere," Edouard said, stressing that in today's Iraq "challenges abound" and castigating the entrenched political parties whose main goal is to stay in power.
She welcomed the anti-government demonstrations that demanded sweeping change and renewal, but said she has no illusions: "There is no democracy in Iraq".
- Political 'red lines' -
Alan Zangana was the 12-year-old son of civil servants living in the northern Kurdistan region when his family watched on TV how the US forces entered Baghdad in 2003.
"We stayed up until dawn to follow the events", he said.
Weeks later, they were stunned to see American soldiers topple a giant Saddam statue in Baghdad before rolling cameras for the entire world to watch, recalled the 32-year-old.
"When the statue fell on April 9, 2003, then we believed it."
Rare among younger Kurds, Zangana speaks Arabic after growing up in the south of Iraq.
And for the past three years, he has produced a podcast on current affairs and history, pushing the boundaries of free speech.
"The Iraqi elite is locked in on itself for fear of the events of the past 20 years," he said. "There are those who have seen their friends die, those who have been threatened."
His guests discuss Iraq's often tense politics, its rich and ancient culture, and the dire state of the economy, but they must often tread carefully to avoid danger.
"There are a lot of red lines left," he said, "and that's not healthy".
- 'Painful chaos' -
Mother of three Suad al-Jawhari, 53, grew up during the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s and has tried to bring more joy to women and children today -- by setting up an amateur cycling team.
"We lived our childhood in the war," the Baghdad woman said. "We could not enjoy it, we were deprived of many things."
A Shiite member of Iraq's Kurdish minority, she remembers how family friends and neighbours were deported at the height of Saddam's repression against regime opponents.
When her cousins were jailed, her aunt died of grief, she said.
She experienced the fall of Saddam from neighbouring Iran, a majority Shiite country where her family had taken refuge.
In 2009 she returned to her home country and decided, despite the violence, that she would stay there "whatever the circumstances", because "permanent exile is painful".
In 2017, the year the IS jihadists were defeated in Iraq, she broke with conservative social conventions and rode a bicycle in public for the first time.
"I was afraid of the gaze of society," she said about those who consider it improper for a woman to engage in outdoor exercise.
She pushed on anyway and founded her cycling team, eager to bring some joy amid the gloom to families like hers.
"Our lives have been marked by 20 years of painful chaos, there is no compensation for that," she said.
She then voiced what passes for optimism among war-battered Iraqis: "What's to come can't be worse than what we've been through."
Shock and awe: the toppling of Saddam Hussein 20 years ago
Paris (AFP) March 10, 2023 -
It took just three weeks for the decades-old regime of Iraq's feared dictator Saddam Hussein to fall in one of the most controversial foreign military interventions of modern times.
Then-US president George W. Bush began major air strikes on Iraq on March 20, 2003, claiming that Saddam's regime illegally possessed weapons of mass destruction, though none were ever found.
The coalition spearheaded by US and British forces then launched the major ground invasion, which climaxed with the fall of Baghdad on April 9, symbolised by the toppling of a towering statue of Saddam.
Over coming years, the war would bring many horrors -- from the gruelling urban battles of Fallujah to years of sectarian fighting and daily carnage to the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal.
AFP looks back at the dramatic opening weeks of "Operation Iraqi Freedom", which started a war that lasted nearly nine years, until the withdrawal of the last US occupation troops in December 2011.
- Cruise missiles at dawn -
Towards 5:35 am on March 20, the first US cruise missiles slam into the outskirts of Baghdad. It is less than two hours after Saddam spurned a deadline from Bush to go into exile or face war.
Deafening explosions reverberate around the capital and huge clouds of smoke billow into the sky.
Bush announces the start of the intervention on television, saying that "decisive force" will be used to disarm Iraq and overthrow its leader.
Saddam also appears on television. Wearing an olive military uniform and black beret, he vows that Iraq "will emerge victorious".
By evening tens of thousands of US and British troops have crossed into Iraq from Kuwait and begun their push through the desert north towards Baghdad.
Germany, France and Russia are among the many countries that condemn the invasion.
From Washington to San Francisco and from London to Berlin, hundreds of thousands rally in huge anti-war demonstrations, as Arab capitals are also rocked by a wave of protests.
- 'Shock and awe' -
On March 21, Washington unleashes a campaign of "shock and awe", raining bombs on Baghdad.
On March 25, about 4,000 US Marines pass through the southern city of Nasiriyah, a crucial gateway on the road to Baghdad.
- Baghdad airport seized -
On March 31, US troops engage in serious combat with Saddam's elite Republican Guard which has taken position 100 kilometres (70 miles) south of Baghdad near the Shiite holy city of Karbala.
On April 4, US troops seize Saddam International Airport and rename it Baghdad International Airport.
Iraqi television shows Saddam as still in control, flanked by bodyguards in a residential square, smiling broadly, accepting kisses on his hand and holding a baby.
But on April 7, US troops capture three of his Baghdad palaces.
On April 8, Iraq's information minister Mohammed Saeed al-Sahhaf -- mocked for his robust denials that Baghdad is falling -- calls on American troops to lay down their arms or face being burned in their tanks.
- Statue toppled -
On the afternoon of April 9, US tanks and troops meet little resistance as they move up both banks of the Tigris river that cuts through Baghdad.
US Marines use a military vehicle to help a crowd topple a giant statue of Saddam in Firdos Square, and jubilant onlookers rush to trample on it, chanting "Traitor!", "Torturer!" and "Dictator!"
- The aftermath -
With all state organs crumbling, including the police, Baghdad and much of Iraq are gripped by chaos and widespread looting. The national museum, which houses artefacts as old as 7,000 years, is not spared.
Over the following two days US-backed Kurdish Peshmerga fighters seize the northern cities of Kirkuk and Mosul.
Saddam's birthplace of Tikrit in north-central Iraq falls on April 14.
Bush on May 1 announces the end of major combat operations, aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrier returning from the Gulf, where he stands before a banner reading "Mission Accomplished".
By October Washington admits that it has found none of the weapons of mass destruction which had been the main justification for the war.
Saddam is captured in December in a hole in the ground near Tikrit, looking unkempt, bewildered and tired. He is tried by an Iraqi court and hanged before the end of the year.
The United States and Britain lost 139 and 33 soldiers respectively during the first three weeks of the intervention, according to their defence ministries.
The Iraq Body Count group says that in the opening phase of the war, more than 7,300 Iraqi civilians were killed.
By the time the war ended in 2011, the United States claimed nearly 4,500 deaths among its forces, while the Iraq Body Count group estimated that more than 100,000 Iraqi civilians had been killed.
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