Iraqi Shiite cleric Moqtada Sadr may have declared his "definitive retirement" from politics this week, but the violence that erupted after his announcement points to murkier intentions, analysts believe.

"Sadr is looking to become the most powerful Shiite political player in Iraq," Renad Mansour of British think tank Chatham House told AFP.

"That is his agenda, and part of achieving that requires destabilising not just the political system as such, but particularly the Shiite house and building it back up with him at the centre of it."

Since the aftermath of the US-led invasion in 2003 that toppled longtime dictator Saddam Hussein, Iraq has been governed under a sectarian power-sharing system.

Sadr, whose father was one of Iraq's most respected Shiite clerics, has gradually grown into a key political player in this landscape, bolstered by a Shiite support base that he often mobilises to press his demands.

Since elections last October, disagreements between Sadr and a rival Iran-backed Shiite force known as the Coordination Framework have left Iraq without a new government, prime minister or president.

Tensions escalated sharply on Monday when Sadr loyalists stormed the government palace inside the Green Zone after he announced he was quitting politics.

But Sadr's supporters then left the Green Zone on Tuesday afternoon when he appealed for them to withdraw within the hour -- a demonstration of the cult-like following that earned him his kingmaker status.

At least 30 Sadr supporters had been shot dead and nearly 600 wounded in nearly 24 hours of fighting between rival Shiite factions.

"It's not the first time he has sent protesters in and then asked them to withdraw," Mansour said. "His goal, his ultimate aim, is to become the main Shia political force in Iraq."

- 'Zero-sum path' -

Sadr's bloc won 73 seats in the October elections, making it the largest faction in the 329-seat parliament.

The cleric has since tried a series of unsuccessful manoeuvres to "secure his dominance within the political system and exclude his rivals", said assistant professor Fanar Haddad of the University of Copenhagen.

Sadr failed to form a new government of his choosing despite attempts to forge an alliance with Sunni and Kurdish political camps.

In June, he ordered his 73 lawmakers to quit in a bid to destabilise the legislature, but that led instead to the Coordination Framework becoming the largest bloc in parliament.

The Coordination Framework's nomination of ex-cabinet minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani as prime minister further angered Sadr who refused to be sidelined in forming a government.

Sadr's supporters stormed parliament on July 30, demanding fresh elections, and staged a sit-in outside the legislature for weeks.

But the Coordination Framework, which wants a new head of government appointed before any new polls, has not budged.

This latest episode in Baghdad's Green Zone was another tactical failure, Haddad said.

"The Coordination Framework have offered no conciliatory remarks, or concessions, or anything of the sort" after Sadr told his supporters to withdraw, Haddad said.

"This further pushes everyone down the zero-sum path of conflicting positions... the possibility for reconciliation seems to get slimmer, not wider."

- 'More escalation' -

Sadr is notorious for walking back on pledges to retire from politics -- a step he has made several times over the years.

His latest retirement announcement on Monday followed a series of tactical challenges to his political rise, including from within his own support base, said Sajad Jiyad, a fellow at the Century International think tank.

On Sunday, spiritual leader Ayatollah Kadhim al-Haeri, who provides religious cover for Sadr and counts many Sadr loyalists as his followers, announced his retirement and called on his base to back Iran's Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a blow to Sadr's legitimacy.

"It's an attack on Sadr as a person and a leader," Jiyad said.

"Haeri is a religious mentor for Sadr... and Moqtada was always keen to say that he is not acting by himself but has this religious cover from Haeri."

Faced with mounting challenges, Sadr now has limited options, the least likely of which involve him taking a step back, Jiyad said.

"He could start protests again and push back to prevent the Coordination Framework from forming a government," Jiyad added.

Sadr could also keep pushing for parliament to be dissolved and new elections, maybe even escalating through direct action that would paralyse the work of ministries and oilfields, the Iraq expert said.

"It looks like the stalemate could carry on for a while, but it also looks like there is more escalation in the future."

Iraq political gridlock persists after bloody unrest
Baghdad (AFP) Aug 31, 2022 - A months-long political crisis in Iraq showed little sign of abating Wednesday despite a fresh push for negotiations after nearly 24 hours of deadly violence between rival Shiite factions ended.

Baghdad's highly-secured Green Zone returned to normality after 30 people were killed and 570 wounded in the clashes pitting supporters of powerful Shiite cleric Moqtada Sadr against pro-Iran factions.

Since elections in October 2021, political deadlock has left Iraq without a new government, prime minister or president, due to disagreement over the formation of a coalition.

The tensions escalated sharply on Monday when Sadr loyalists stormed the government palace inside the Green Zone following their leader's announcement that he was quitting politics.

But Sadr's supporters trickled out of the Green Zone in a steady stream on Tuesday afternoon when he appealed for them to withdraw within the hour.

A nationwide curfew was lifted, before shops reopened and infamous traffic jams returned to Baghdad's streets on Wednesday as the government announced the resumption of school exams postponed by the unrest.

But the hurdles obstructing a solution to Iraq's political crisis remained firmly in place, with rival powers refusing to budge on their demands.

Early elections, less than a year after the last polls, and the dissolution of parliament have been a key demand of Sadr.

Iraqi President Barham Saleh said late Tuesday that snap elections could provide "an exit from the stifling crisis".

- Snap polls -

Under the constitution, parliament can only be dissolved by a majority vote, which can take place at the request of a third of lawmakers, or by the prime minster in agreement with the president.

Sadr's rivals in the pro-Iran Coordination Framework want a new head of government to be appointed before any new elections are held.

On Tuesday, they called for the swift formation of a new government, "to prevent a recurrence of the strife" that paralysed Baghdad this week.

The Framework urged parliament and other state institutions to "return to exercising their constitutional functions and carry out their duties towards citizens".

The statement drew the ire of a senior aid of Sadr, Saleh Mohammad al-Iraqi, who said it overlooked the rightful demands of protesters killed in the Green Zone who want parliament dissolved.

"Iran should reign in its Iraqi camels, or else there will be little room left for regret," he said Wednesday, referring to the Coordination Framework.

Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhemi, meanwhile, threatened to resign unless the paralysis ends.

"If they want to continue to stir up chaos, conflict, discord and rivalry... I will take the moral and patriotic step and vacate my post," he said.

- 'More protests' -

Iraqi political analyst Sajad Jiyad said a return to violence was possible in the absence of a longer term solution.

"The biggest loser is the state, standing idly by while two powerful armed parties continue to struggle for control," he said.

"Unless a proper solution is reached, more protests and violence are possible."

Falah Al-Barzanji, a 63-year-old activist, said he believed the calm would be short-lived.

"Today life has returned to normal, but the fire is still burning under the ashes," he told AFP.

"The Iraqi parliament must be dissolved and a reformist government must be installed."

Pope Francis, who visited Iraq last year, said he was "following with concern the violent events that have taken place in Baghdad".

"Dialogue and fraternity are the best way to face the current difficulties."

Sadr -- a longtime player in the war-torn country's political scene, though he himself has never directly been in government -- announced he was quitting politics two days after he said "all parties" including his own should give up government positions to help overcome the deadlock.

Sadr's bloc emerged from the October election as the biggest in the legislature, with 73 seats, but short of a majority.

Since then Iraq has been paralysed due to disagreement between Shiite factions over forming a coalition.

In June, Sadr's lawmakers quit in a bid to break the logjam, which led to the Coordination Framework becoming the largest.

Sadr's supporters had for weeks been staging a sit-in outside Iraq's parliament, after storming the legislature's interior on July 30, demanding fresh elections be held.

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Moqtada Sadr: Iraq's political, religious force; as political gridlock persists
Baghdad (AFP) Aug 31, 2022
When he raises his index finger and frowns, Iraq holds its breath. The mercurial Shiite cleric Moqtada Sadr has yet again showed his political prowess, able to mobilise and demobilise loyalists within minutes. On Monday, in a short message, he announced his "definitive retirement" from politics and the closure of all institutions linked to his movement. Shortly thereafter, thousands of his supporters assembled and stormed the government palace in Baghdad's fortified Green Zone, prompting the arm ... read more