The success will come with heightened scrutiny, both from Western governments with long-held suspicions about Chinese technology but also from Beijing, whose stern regulatory crackdown on the sector, though eased in 2022, still has a chilling effect.
After surging ahead in the global artificial intelligence race this week, DeepSeek faces an uncertain future in its home country.
In 2020, Beijing unleashed a severe regulatory campaign against China's sprawling tech sector, which officials feared was growing beyond its control.
The crackdown saw authorities intensify local compliance efforts and slap eye-watering fines on domestic champions including Alibaba and Tencent for alleged monopolistic behaviour.
Beijing finally relented after a dire sell-off of Chinese tech stocks in March 2022.
But the sector has yet to find its way back to the flourishing growth of its boom years.
And China's leaders have since stressed their desire for the country to become a world AI leader, pumping huge sums into a fund set up last year to help firms develop advanced computer chips in response to US shipment curbs.
Meanwhile, tech giants -- including TikTok parent company ByteDance and internet search and cloud computing giant Baidu -- have raced to develop an AI chatbot on par with ChatGPT, released by US-based OpenAI in 2022.
- No subsidies -
But in the end, it was the low-key hedge fund project DeepSeek that accomplished the feat, outstripping domestic juggernauts and triggering a Wall Street rout that wiped over half a trillion dollars off of US chip titan Nvidia's market capitalisation.
"It is interesting that this breakthrough was achieved not by government-backed research institutes and large (state-owned enterprises), but by a hedge fund with no government subsidies," noted Zhiwei Zhang, president and chief economist at Pinpoint Asset Management.
Beijing is unlikely to be discouraged, however, with Zhang adding that DeepSeek's success "will likely motivate the government to further promote technological innovation by the private sector".
The road ahead for DeepSeek will also feature major challenges overseas, with calls mounting for US authorities to act more urgently to prevent the flow of advanced chips to Chinese firms.
And with President Donald Trump vowing to impose blanket tariffs on China in coming weeks for its alleged role in the US fentanyl crisis as well as "unfair" trade practices, a relaxation of curbs on advanced chip exports appears unlikely.
Beijing's policy is also increasingly driven by national security concerns -- with President Xi Jinping remarking in a speech this week that the country had faced "complex and severe situations" throughout the past year.
Despite growing fears of an intensified trade war, DeepSeek surged to the top of Apple's App Store download charts this week as curious consumers flocked to test it.
- TikTok fate? -
The firm's growing user base overseas may lead to fresh challenges stemming from Western governments' long-standing concerns about the Chinese government's potential espionage via locally developed apps, as well as heavy state censorship of content deemed by Beijing to be undesirable.
Authorities in the country have in recent years rolled out new regulations for the burgeoning field of generative AI, ensuring that content it produces aligns with Beijing's official narrative on sensitive issues such as the status of Taiwan or alleged human rights abuses.
In addition to screening out obscenity and encouragement of violence, Chinese chatbots are required to adhere to the government's "core socialist values" -- a decree regulators say is to promote "social stability".
Another potential pitfall in DeepSeek's quest to become the global go-to chatbot is how it handles the personal information of its users.
The potential ban of TikTok in the United States is fuelled in large part by concerns that user data stored on servers owned by a China-based company poses a major national security risk.
"DeepSeek's cost efficiency is praiseworthy, but the privacy implications of its data collection would raise significant concerns," said Saeed Rehman, senior lecturer in cybersecurity and networking at Flinders University.
"This situation may evoke similar concerns to those raised for TikTok, where data privacy and security have been hotly debated," he said.
DeepSeek -- whose founder Liang Wenfeng once said he became convinced as a student that AI would "change the world" -- arrived on the world stage this week with a clamour.
How long it stays on top will depend on how it manages the litany of potential perils that lie in its path.
Italy's data watchdog has questions for DeepSeek
Rome (AFP) Jan 29, 2025 -
Italy's Data Protection Agency, which briefly blocked ChatGPT in 2023, has raised questions about the use of personal data by the AI chatbot of Chinese startup DeepSeek.
"The authority, considering the potential high risk for the data of millions of people in Italy, has asked... what personal data is collected, from which sources, for which purposes," the GPDP said in a statement Tuesday.
It has also asked "what is the legal basis of the processing (of the data), and whether it is stored on servers located in China".
The authority has also asked what kind of information was used to train DeepSeek's AI system and, if the data was scraped from the internet, to clarify how users of the service are informed about the processing of their data.
The GPDP has addressed its concerns to Hangzhou DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence and Beijing DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence, and given them 20 days to respond.
Based out of the eastern Chinese city of Hangzhou -- sometimes known as "China's Silicon Valley" -- DeepSeek sparked panic on Wall Street this week with its powerful new chatbot developed at a fraction of the cost of its competitors.
The Italian watchdog in December fined OpenAI 15 million euros over the use of personal data by its popular ChatGPT chatbot, but the US tech firm said it would appeal.
The investigation began in March 2023 when the GPDP temporarily blocked ChatGPT in Italy over privacy concerns, becoming the first Western country to take such action.
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